Hirschi About The Social Control Theory

â€Å"The highest possible stage in moral culture is when we recognize that we ought to control our thoughts and actions†, Charles Darwin. Social control theory definition Social control is a concept within the disciplines of the social science. Social control, within sociology, refers to the many ways in which our behavior, thoughts, and appearance are regulated by the norms, rules, laws, and social structures of society. Social control is a necessary component of social order, for society could not exist without it. Hirschi’s social control theory The Social Control Theory, originally known as The Social Bond Theory in 1969, was developed by Travis Hirschi. The central question of the theory asks why do people follow the law? The theory suggests that people engage in criminal activity when their bond to society has weakened. Hirschi states that â€Å"social control theory refers to a perspective which predicts that when social constraints on antisocial behavior are weakened or absent, delinquent behavior emerges.† Social disorganization theory points to broad social factors as the cause of deviance. A person is not born a criminal, but becomes one over time, often based on factors in his or her social environment. This deviance in his behanior is seen to result where feelings of disconnection from society predominate. Individuals who believe they are a part of society are less likely to commit crimes against it. Social bonds and restraints Hirschi identified four types of social bonds that connect people to society: Attachment measures our connections to others. People conform to society’s norms in order to gain approval (and prevent disapproval) from family, friends, and romantic partners when they are closely attached to people and worry about their opinion. Commitment refers to the investments we make in conforming to conventional behaviour. A well-respected local businesswoman who volunteers at her synagogue and is a member of the neighbourhood block organization has more to lose from committing a crime than a woman who does not have a career or ties to the community. Similarly, levels of involvement, or participation in socially legitimate activities, lessen a person’s likelihood of deviance. The final bond, belief, is an agreement on common values in society. If a person views social values as beliefs, he or she will conform to them. An environmentalist is more likely to pick up trash in a park because a clean environment is a social value to that person. Forms of Social control Social control tends to take one of two different forms: informal or formal. Informal social control refers to our conformity to the norms and values of the society, and adoption of a particular belief system, which we learn through the process of socialization. This form of social control is enforced by family, primary caregivers, peers, other authority figures like coaches and teachers, and by colleagues. Informal social control is enforced by rewards and sanctions. Reward often takes the form of praise or compliments, but also takes other common forms, like high marks on school work, promotions at work, and social popularity. Sanctions used to enforce informal social control from confused and disapproving looks, to conversations with family, peers, and authority figures, to social ostracization, among others. Formal social control is that which is produced and enforced by the state (government) and representatives of the state that enforce its laws like police, military, and other city, state, and federal agencies. Social control theory in criminology Unlike most criminology theories that purport to explain why people offend, control theory offers the justification for why people obey rules. Social control theories, however, focus primarily on external factors and the processes by which they become effective. Deviance and crime occur because of inadequate constraints. Crime and deviance are considered predictable behaviors that society has not curtailed. Explaining conformity, particularly the process by which people are socialized to obey the rules, is the essence of social control theory. Thus, social control theory focuses on how the absence of close relationships with conventional others can free individuals from social constraints, thereby allowing them to engage in delinquency. Why people commit crime? Many people have their own theories on what makes a criminal. Some of these theories are based on first hand knowledge or experience, some unfortunately may be based on racism or prejudice, and some on scientifically investigated studies. The causes of crime are complex. Most people today accept that poverty, parental neglect, low self-esteem, alcohol and drug abuse are all connected in explaining why people commit crimes. For example, it is much easier to steal money than to work for it. So in the eyes of control theorists, crime requires no special explanation: it is often the most expedient way to get what one wants. Some people are simply at greater risk of becoming offenders because of the circumstances into which they are born. Individualists tend to focus on individual weakness or lack of values as the reason why people commit crimes. Examining why people commit crime is very important in the ongoing debate of how crime should be handled and prevented. Any society must have harmony and order. Where there is no harmony or order the society actually does not exist because society is a harmonious organization of human relationships. The results of social control are not always beneficial to society or to the individual. Using the force to influence on individuals to correct the deviation in their behavior is not always a good option on solving the problem. It may cause mental disorders, psychosomatic illnesses and other disorders and, as the result, to increase the number of psychopaths and sociopaths in our society. One of the reasons that individuals comply with norm prescriptions and avoid counter-normative actions or attitudes is fear of social negative evaluation by others. In the worst cases, individuals tend to respond with the force or to resign completely to act in accordance to social norms. This type of behavior called â€Å"rebel†- one may be followed by crimes made on purpose as they could be performed as a form of disobedience in the future. However, social control is necessary to protect social interests and satisfy common needs. If social control is removed and every individual is left to behave freely society would be reduced to a state of lawlessness.

How to Conjugate the Verb Scrivere in Italian

Translated and used exactly like its English counterpart to write, the verb scrivere is a transitive irregular verb of the second conjugation. What makes it irregular is a quirky passato remoto and its irregular past participle, scritto. Derived from the Latin scribere, it gives the English language scribe, scriber, and scribing, which should help you remember what it means. Write Something Scrivere is a transitive verb that generally conjugates with avere as auxiliary in its compound tenses and has a direct object and sometimes indirect objects, too, For example, to write about something, on something, to someone, for someone: Scrivo articoli di politica per un quotidiano. I write articles about politics for a daily.Gli egiziani scrivevano sul papiro; noi scriviamo sul computer. The Egyptians wrote on papyrus; we write on computers.Amo scrivere poesie in francese su carta da scrivere a fiori. I love to write poems in French on writing paper with flowers.Marco mi scrive molte lettere sulle sue esperienze a Parigi. Marco writes me many letters about his experiences in Paris.Gli studenti scrivono tutto quello che dice il prof. The students write down everything the professor says. As in English, you also find scrivere di something, still used transitively: Il Ciatti scrive di politica. Ciatti writes about politics. So, if you want to ask someone what they write about generally, or what they are writing an essay about, you ask, Di che scrivi? or, Su che scrivi il tuo tema? Scrivere Reciprocal But scrivere can also be used in the form scriversi, with reciprocal meaning and what appears to be (but is not really) reflexive value, if you and someone write each other or if you write something to yourself, say, a note. In those cases it takes essere in its compound tenses (and has past participle agreement) but it still is transitive with a direct object as you are still writing something: Mi sono scritta un biglietto per ricordare lappuntamento. I wrote myself a note to remember the appointment.Io e Luigi ci siamo scritti tante lettere per molti anni. Luigi and I wrote each other many letters for many years. How Do You Spell It and What Does It Say? While you learn Italian, you will find particularly handy scriveres impersonal construction, Come si scrive?: Come si scrive il tuo cognome? How do you spell your last name?Come si scrive quella parola? How do you spell that word? And, finally, you will often find cà ¨/ci sono and cera/cerano in conjunction with scritto to say what something says or said: Che cà ¨ scritto nella lettera di Marco? Whats written in Marcos letter/what does Marcos letter say?Sul muro cerano scritte parole di protesta politica. On the wall were (written) words of political protest. Lets see how it conjugates. Indicativo Presente: Present Indicative In the presente the verb scrivere is entirely regular. Io scrivo Io scrivo tanti articoli. I write lots of articles. Tu scrivi Tu scrivi biglietti a tutti. You write notes to everyone. Lui/lei/Lei scrive Il poeta scrive poesie d'amore. The poet writes love poems. Noi scriviamo Noi scriviamo nel diario. We write in our diary. Voi scrivete Voi scrivete molti SMS. You write many text messages. Loro/Loro scrivono Gli studenti scrivono male in francese. The students write poorly in French. Indicativo Passato Prossimo: Present Perfect Indicative Passato prossimo with avere and the participio passato, scritto. Io ho scritto Io ho scritto tanti articoli. I wrote/have written many articles. Tu hai scritto Tu hai scritto biglietti a tutti. You wrote/have written notes to everyone. Lui/lei/Lei ha scritto Quest'anno il poeta ha scritto molte poesie d'amore. This year the poet wrote/has written many love poems. Noi abbiamo scritto Noi abbiamo scritto nel diario. We wrote/have written in our diary. Voi avete scritto Voi avete scritto molti SMS oggi. You wrote/have written a lot of texts today. Loro/Loro hanno scritto Gli studenti hanno scritto male in Francese questa settimana. The students wrote poorly in French this week. Indicativo Imperfetto: Imperfect Indicative Scrivere has a regular imperfetto. Io scrivevo Prima scrivevo molti articoli; adesso meno. Before, I wrote many articles; now, less. Tu scrivevi Ogni anno tu scrivevi biglietti di buone feste a tutti. Every year you used to write holiday cards to everyone. Lui/lei/Lei scriveva Il poeta scriveva una poesia d'amore ogni anno. The poet used to write a love poem every year. Noi scrivevamo Da bambine noi scrivevamo sempre nel diario. As little girls we wrote in our diary all the time. Voi scrivevate Alla scuola media scrivevate gli SMS sempre. In middle school you texted all the time. Loro/Loro scrivevano Con il vecchio prof gli studenti scrivevano male in francese. With the old teacher the students wrote poorly in French. Indicativo Passato Remoto: Indicative Remote Past Other than the past participle, the passato remoto is the only irregular tense of scrivere. Io scrissi Nel 1993 scrissi molti articoli. In 1993 I wrote many articles. Tu scrivesti Dopo la guerra scrivesti biglietti di buone feste a tutti. Right after the war, you wrote holiday cards to everyone. Lui/lei/Lei scrisse Durante la sua vita il poeta scrisse molte poesie d'amore. During his life the poet wrote many love poems. Noi scrivemmo Nel 1970 scrivemmo nel diario tutti i giorni. In 1970 we wrote in our diary every day. Voi scriveste Quando fu inventato il cellulare scriveste SMS a tutti. When the cell phone was invented you wrote texts to everyone. Loro/Loro scrissero I miei giovani studenti scrissero sempre male in francese. My young students always wrote poorly in French. Indicativo Trapassato Prossimo: Indicative Past Perfect The trapassato prossimo is a past tense that happened before something else also in the past. Made with the imperfect of the auxiliary and the past participle. Io avevo scritto Avevo scritto molti articoli ma sono andati perduti. I had written many articles but they were lost. Tu avevi scritto Tu avevi scritto biglietti a tutti ma non li hai spediti. You had written cards to everyone but you didn't mail them. Lui/lei/Lei aveva scritto Il poeta aveva scritto bellissime poesie d'amore ma le distrusse. The poet had written beautiful love poems but he destroyed them. Noi avevamo scritto Quando sono arrivati, avevamo già   scritto nel diario e non ci poterono fermare. When they arrived, we had already written in our diary and they could not stop us. Voi avevate scritto Quando vi tolsero il cellulare avevate già   scritto gli SMS. When they took your phone away, you had already written the texts. Loro/Loro avevano scritto Fino a quel punto gli studenti avevano scritto male in francese; poi la situazione cambià ². Until that point, the students had always written poorly in French. Then something changed. Indicativo Trapassato Remoto: Indicative Preterite Perfect Noted for its literary uses, the trapassato remoto is another compound tense, made with the passato remoto of the auxiliary and the past participle. It is used in subordinate constructions with the passato remoto and such terms as quando, dopo che, non appena che. It is for very old stories. Io ebbi scritto Quando ebbi scritto molti articoli, andai in pensione. After I had written many articles, I retired. Tu avesti scritto Appena avesti scritto i biglietti a tutti, partisti. As soon as you had written notes to everyone, you left. Lui/lei/Lei ebbe scritto Dopo che ebbe scritto la sua pià ¹ famosa poesia d'amore, il poeta morà ¬. After he had written his most famous love poem, the poet died. Noi avemmo scritto Dopo che avemmo scritto nel diario, lo nascondemmo. After we had written in our diary, we hit it. Voi aveste scritto Dopo che aveste scritto tutti quei SMS vi bocciarono. After you had written all those texts they flunked you. Loro/Loro ebbero scritto Dopo che ebbero scritto male in francese tutti quegli anni li bocciarono. After they had written poorly in French for all those years, they flunked them. Indicativo Futuro Semplice: Indicative Simple Future A regular futuro semplice. Io scriverà ² Nel corso della mia carriera scriverà ² molti articoli. In the course of my career I will write many articles. Tu scriverai A Natale scriverai biglietti a tutti. At Christmas you will write cards to everyone. Lei/lui/Lei scriverà   Forse un giorno il poeta scriverà   poesie d'amore. Maybe one day the poet will write love poems. Noi scriveremo Noi scriveremo sempre nel diario. We will always write in our diary. Voi scriverete Voi scriverete sempre gli SMS ai vostri amici, nonostante le regole. You will always send texts to your friends, no matter the rules. Loro/Loro scriveranno Gli studenti di quel prof scriveranno sempre male in francese. That teacher's students will always write poorly in French. Indicativo Futuro Anteriore: Indicative Future Perfect The futuro anteriore is made of the simple present of the auxiliary and scritto. It expresses action that will happen after something else will have happened. Io avrà ² scritto Quando avrà ² scritto molti articoli andrà ² in pensione. When I will have written many articles I will retire. Tu avrai scritto Sarai contenta quando avrai scritto biglietti a tutti. You will be happy once you will have written cards to everyone. Lui/lei/Lei avrà   scritto Il poeta pubblicherà   il suo libro quando avrà   scritto il suo pià ¹ bel poema d'amore. The poet will publish his book when he will have written his most beautiful love poem. Noi avremo scritto Dopo che avremo scritto nel diario lo bruceremo. After we will have written in our diary, we will burn it. Voi avrete scritto Quando avrete scritto tutti gli SMS che volete vi bocceremo. When you will have written all the texts you want, we will flunk you. Loro/Loro avranno scritto Se gli studenti avranno scritto male in francese anche questa volta li boccerà ². If the students will have written poorly in French on this exam too, I will flunk them. Congiuntivo Presente: Present Subjunctive The presente congiuntivo of scrivere is regular. Che io scriva Il mio editore vuole che io scriva molti articoli. My editor wants me to write many articles. Che tu scriva Non à ¨ necessario che tu scriva biglietti a tutti. It is not necessary that you write cards to everyone. Che lui/lei/Lei scriva Spero che il poeta scriva bellissime poesie d'amore. I hope the poet writes beautiful love poems. Che noi scriviamo Dubito che oggi scriviamo nel diario. I doubt that today we will write in our diary. Che voi scriviate Voglio che non scriviate pià ¹ SMS in classe. I want you to not write texts in class anymore. Che loro/Loro scrivano Temo che gli studenti scrivano ancora male in francese. I fear that the students still write poorly in French. Congiuntivo Passato: Present Perfect Subjunctive Il congiuntivo passato is a compound tense, made of the present subjunctive of the auxiliary and the past participle. Che io abbia scritto Il mio editore à ¨ felice che io abbia scritto molti articoli. My editor is happy that I have written many articles. Che tu abbia scritto Non ne dubito che tu abbia scritto biglietti a tutti. I don't doubt that you have written cards to everyone. Che lui/lei/Lei abbia scritto Sebbene il poeta abbia scritto bellissime poesie d'amore, non le vuole pubblicare. Though the poet has written/wrote beautiful love poems, he does not wish to publish them. Che noi abbiamo scritto Temo che oggi non abbiamo scritto nel diario. I fear that today we have not written in our dairy. Che voi abbiate scritto Vi promuoviamo purchà ¨ non abbiate pià ¹ scritto SMS in classe. We will pass you as long as you have not written more texts in class. Che loro/Loro abbiano scritto Mi deprime che gli studenti abbiano scritto ancora male in francese. It depresses me that the students have written/wrote poorly in French again. Congiuntivo Imperfetto: Imperfect Subjunctive The congiuntivo imperfetto of scrivere is regular, and, as usual, used with a subordinate clause in the imperfetto. Che io scrivessi Il mio editore voleva che io scrivessi sempre molti articoli, ma ero stanca. My editor wanted me to write always more articles, but I was tired. Che tu scrivessi Non era necessario che tu scrivessi davvero biglietti a tutti. It was not necessary that you write cards to everyone. Che lui/lei/Lei scrivesse I lettori volevano che il poeta scrivesse sempre pià ¹ poesie d'amore. The readers wanted the poet to write more love poems. Che noi scrivessimo Mi dispiaceva che non scrivessimo pià ¹ nel diario. I was sorry that we didn't write in our diary anymore. Che voi scriveste Era importante che voi non scriveste pià ¹ SMS in classe. It was important that you stop writing texts in class. Che loro/Loro scrivessero Era un peccato che gli studenti scrivessero cosà ¬ male in francese. It was a pity that the students wrote to poorly in French. Congiuntivo Trapassato: Past Perfect Subjunctive The congiuntivo trapassato  is a compound tense, made of the imperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary plus the past participle and can be accompanied in constructions with tenses ranging from the indicative imperfetto or passato prossimo to the conditional. Che io avessi scritto Anche se avessi scritto ancora pià ¹ articoli il mio editore non sarebbe stato contento. Even if I had written more articles my editor would not have been happy. Che tu avessi scritto Avevo immaginato che tu avessi scritto i biglietti a tutti. I had imagined that you had written cards to everyone. Che lui/lei/Lei avesse scritto Volevamo che il poeta avesse scritto ancora altre poesie d'amore; invece ha smesso. We wanted for the poet to have written more love poems; instead, he stopped. Che noi avessimo scritto La mamma ha pensato che avessimo scritto nel diario e percià ² avevamo fatto tardi. Mom thought we had written in our diary and therefore we were late. Che voi aveste scritto Vorrei che non aveste scritto gli SMS in classe. I wish that you have not written texts in class. Che loro/Loro avessero scritto Il professore temeva che gli studenti avessero scritto male in francese nel compito in classe. The professor feared that the students had written poorly in French on the test. Condizionale Presente: Present Conditional Il condizionale presente of scrivere is also regular. Io scriverei Io scriverei pià ¹ articoli se potessi. I would write more articles if I could. Tu scriveresti Tu scriveresti biglietti a tutti se avessi il tempo. You would write cards to everyone if you had the time. Lui/lei/Lei scriverebbe Il poeta scriverebbe poesie d'amore tutti i giorni se potesse. The poem would write love poems all day if he could. Noi scriveremmo Noi scriveremmo nel diario ogni mattina se non avessimo lezione. We would write in our diary in the morning if we didn't have lessons. Voi scrivereste Voi scrivereste SMS in classe se il prof non vi vedesse. You would write texts in class if the prof wouldn't see you. Loro/Loro scriverebbero Gli studenti scriverebbero male in francese se non avessero un tutore. The students would write poorly in French if they didn't have a tutor. Condizionale Passato: Perfect Conditional Il condizionale passato is formed with the present conditional of the auxiliary plus the past participle. Io avrei scritto Se non fossi partita avrei scritto altri articoli. If I had not left, I would have written more articles. Tu avresti scritto Se avessi avuto il tempo avresti scritto biglietti a tutti. If you had had the time you would have written cards to everyone. Lui/lei/Lei avrebbe scritto Il poeta avrebbe scritto altre poesie d'amore se non fosse morto. The poet would have written more love poems had he not died. Noi avremmo scritto Noi avremmo scritto nel diario se la mamma non ce lo avesse nascosto. We would have written in our diary had mom not hidden it. Voi avreste scritto Voi avreste scritto gli SMS in classe se non vi avessimo tolto il telefono. You would have written texts in class had we not taken your phone away. Loro/Loro avrebbero scritto Gli studenti avrebbero scritto male in francese se non avessero avuto un tutore. The students would have written poorly in French had they not had a tutor. Imperative: Imperative Tu scrivi Scrivimi una lettera! Write me a letter! Noi scriviamo Scriviamo un bel messaggio a Lucia. Let's write a nice message to Lucia. Voi scrivete Scrivete alla nonna! Write to your grandmother! Infinito Presente Passato: Present Past Infinitive Scrivere Scrivere un libro richiede molto lavoro. To write/writing a book requires a lot of work. Avere scritto 1. Aver scritto un libro à ¨ una bella soddisfazione.2. So di aver scritto l'assegno ma non lo trovo. 1. To have written/having written a book is a big satisfaction. 2. I know I wrote/I am sure to have written a check but I can't find it. Participio Presente Passato: Present Past Participle Both present and past participles can function as nouns and adjectives. Scrivente is used as the one writing. Scrivente Lo scrivente confessa di aver rapinato la banca. The one writing/the writer confesses to have robbed the bank. Scritto 1. Ha un bellissimo italiano scritto. 2. Gli studenti devono fare un esame scritto. 1. She has a beautiful written Italian. 2. The students must take a written exam. Gerundio Presente Passato: Present Past Gerund Scrivendo 1. Scrivendo, ho capito meglio i miei pensieri. 2. Gli studenti erano seduti in silenzio, scrivendo. 1. Writing, I better understood my thoughts. 2. The students were silently seated in class, writing. Avendo scritto Avendo scritto l'ultima parola, lo scrittore chiuse il quaderno e spense la luce. Having written the last word, the writer closed the notebook and turned off the light.

Child Observation Paper - 1294 Words

Child Observation Paper Jason Betts Pacific Oaks College November 12, 2012 The purpose of this paper is to discuss and review my observation of a 7 year old African American male who is being raised by his grandmother (45 year old Bi-racial female who has 9 children of her own; 7 of the children are still in the house). During my observation of â€Å"Jackson†, I focused on the following domains of child development: * Physical * Cognitive * Social * Emotional I applied Attachment theory throughout the observations, which were completed at his home, at the park, and at the grocery store. I was unable to observe Jackson at his school. Jackson is being raised by his grandmother because his mother is addicted to drugs,†¦show more content†¦Jackson appeared withdrawn, and was somewhat embarrassed before stating that he did not do well in school. Jackson knows that he can perform better in school. When the other children began to tease Jackson, he was ready to fight some of them. This is typical behavior for Jackson, and is also a pattern of disorganized attachment. Children with a disorganized pattern in infancy tend to show disturbed patterns of relationships, subsequently, their relationships with peers can often be characterized by a â€Å"fight or flight† pattern of alternate aggression and withdrawal. Jackson’s coping skills when upset, threatened, or embarrassed is fight, unless the person is physically bigg er than him. If this is the case, Jackson uses flight to cope, and seeks his grandmother for protection and comfort. On October 13, 2012, observation #3 was conducted at the grocery store and at a fast food restaurant between the hours of 3:00pm and 4:30pm. It was an over cast day, and present at the store and restaurant were 6 of the grandmother’s children (between the ages of 7-21), and Jackson’s mother. I concentrated on Jackson’s social, emotional, and physical development with the use of Attachment theory. Jackson’s mother arrived at the store, and met us inside. I was surprised to see Jackson’s mother, and so was Jackson. The mother and Jackson did not communicate with each other. The mother got upset at the store with the grandmother, and stated she was goingShow MoreRelatedChild Observation Paper1083 Words   |  5 PagesChild Observation Paper After observing a nine month old child for this Child Observation paper, the author of this paper has taken copious notes during the session. The purpose of this paper is recognizing the biological, cognitive and psychosocial development of the child. The author of this paper identified the background history of the child, the observation made and the development process of the child. BACKGROUND The child chosen for this child observation paper is a nine month old maleRead MoreChild Observation Paper1078 Words   |  5 PagesChild Observation Paper Barbara A. 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Existing Career Theories Do Not Account for Modern Career...

Existing career theories do not account for modern career path. Discuss two career theories with reference to both research and your own experience. This article aims to touch the broad, and ever developing discussion of post modern theories and their application today. The main focus will fall on Hollands theory of vocational personalities in work environment and the Edgar Scheines notion of career anchors and how both theories fit within the modern career paths. Holland has proposed six different vocational personality types. Any person resembles each of the six types to varying degree. HIs theory of occupational choice maintains that in choosing a career, people prefer jobs where they can be around others who are like†¦show more content†¦What is outlined above shows how far we went apart from the understanding of traditional careers. All those factors are making it harder for the traditional theories to find an accurate application today. As already mentioned existing career theories dealing with vocational personality and environment Holland (1976) and Scheine’s anchors (1978) have been well respected and very adequate for many years.Those theories were helping many people to form and succeed in their career paths. What Holland suggests in his theory is that persons and environments can be framed within six types (realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising and conventional). Individuals are searching for a certain environments that will allow them to implement the characteristics of their work personality and their behaviour is determined by an interaction between personality and environment. The occupation of a certain individual is based solely on the work environment and their personality type.(Swanson,2000) Holland theory is a perfect tool for young individuals to get information and orientation in the work world in a very interesting and engaging way. Also describes and gives knowledge of the different work environments. However Holland theory seems to demonstrate a few limitations. The theory fails toShow MoreRelatedExplain the Concept of Career in the Context of Career Development Perspective. Discuss Various Individuals and Organisational Strategies for Career Development4014 Words   |  17 PagesTRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT 20TH BATCH TAKE HOME EXAMINATION QUESTION 1: Explain the Concept of Career in the Context of Career Development Perspective. Discuss Various Individuals and Organisational Strategies for Career Development Career development represents the entire sequence of activities and events related to an individual’s career (1). It involves managing ones career either within or between organizations (2). It also refers to the lifelong process of getting ready to choose, choosingRead MoreFunctions Responsibilities of Hr Admin Department of Rcl8779 Words   |  36 PagesChapter: 1 Introduction 1. 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Renaissance And Realism Of Arts Essay - 2282 Words

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS, METHODS, MODES IN THE HUMANITIES Two arts periods: Renaissance and Realism of Arts Introduction Jacob Burckhardt was an Italian historian who had developed the notion of the Renaissance, which meant ‘Rebirth’. It united the Greco-Roman civilization during the ancient times marking the beginning of a completely new era between 1350C.E. and 1550C.E. The Renaissance resulted in the birth of modern society concerned with the revival of antiquity and exaggerated secularism without identifying the depth of religious sentiments. The Middle Ages as well as the Renaissance were considered as a different era demonstrating Classical European history that spread into Europe with passing time. The Middle Ages represented the darkened era of diplomacy. During the Middle Ages, barbarian tribes dominated Europe. The collapse of the 5th century Roman Empire resulted in the commencement of the Middle Ages referred to as the ‘Dark Age’. It was named so as it comprised of unending warfare and lack of urban life with hardly any emphasis on the Holy Roman Emperor. The Middl e Ages came before the Renaissance period reflecting the fall of the Romans and advent of the Europeans. (EARLY PERIODS OF LITERATURE, (1200 BCE -455 CE). The Middle Ages had a social idea focusing on the interest of the common man in Heaven, God, law, medicine and the saints. The evolution of the Renaissance resulted in a paradigm shift which forced individuals to consider their dailyShow MoreRelatedHumanism in European Renaisaance1013 Words   |  5 Pages The European Renaissance was a time of great change. The people of that time were beginning to take an interest in learning and also began to follow the idea of humanism. Humanism was a way of life where a person would reject most religious beliefs and focus on the here and now. One of the main things Humanist believed in was individual achievement. 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legal Action Against Johnny under ACL and the Sort of Penalties

Question: Discuss about the legal Action Against Johnny under ACLand the Sort of Penalties. Answer: Facts Johnny has decided to add a new range of pasta dishes to the menu of his restaurant. In order to promote his idea, he placed a large signboard on the window of the restaurant stating his new pasta dishes as the best pasta in town which will be made with all the fresh ingredients. Another restaurant owner named Angel got annoyed due to sign as she had been serving pasta for years. She made accusations on Johnny of misleading the customers because it was in his knowledge that he was still using preserved olives for the purpose of making pasta dishes. To this, Johnny responded that despite using preserved olives from tin, he was still using them fresh from a tin. Angel threatened him of taking legal action under section 18 of Australian Consumer Law. Issue How should Angel bring a legal action against Johnny under ACL and will such an action likely to succeed and the sort of penalties on Johnny if he is found guilty of breaching the ConsumerLaw Guarantees. Relevant Laws and Applicability in Case The Australian ConsumerLaw (ACL) establishes consumer rights also known as consumer guarantees. These guarantees, in case of damages and loss, provide consumers rights to reimbursement/compensation, replacement, or repair. The customer also has right to cancel the services, if it is faulty. Section 18 of ACL for misleading or deceptive conduct states that a person must not get involved in such a conduct in trade and commerce that are misleading and deceptive or most probably mislead or deceive others(Australian Consumer Law, 2010). Such a kind of prohibition is not restricted to the supply of goods and services but holds broad and economy wide standards of the conduct. In this case, on one hand, Johnny put the sign claiming to serve the best pasta in the town made with fresh ingredients and on other side, he accepted that he was using tinned preserved olives for making pasta. Both the conditions were contradictory to each other and it was the misleading and deceptive conduct of Johnn y towards his consumer (Commonwealth of Australia , 2016). Under the ACL, when products and services are purchased, it automatically comes under the guarantee of their proper and desired function and if it fails to be in compliance with the law, consumer rights can be availed. Businesses are required to guarantee products and services sold, hired or leased by them both under and over the cost of $40000. In case business fails to fulfill the guarantees, consumer rights related to compensation, replacement, or repair, can be availed. Moreover, service can also be cancelled by the consumer and they can compensate for damages and loss (Clements, 2016). In this case, Johnny was clearly deceiving the consumers despite promoting his pasta on the guarantee of being made with fresh ingredients. Thus, his products were not under the compliance of consumer guarantee. Consumer guarantees on products require meeting the expectations of the consumers in accordance with the guarantee or the acceptable quality of products provided at the time of sale (Austr alian Capital Territory, 1992). In this sequence, the products are required to match with the descriptions made by the salesperson over packages, promotions, and advertisings. The food item which was being sold by Johnny did not meet the conditions mentioned for consumer guarantee on products and services (Australian Government Solicitor, 2011). Products are also required to match with the demonstration model or the sample which have been asked for and befit with the purpose of the business for which it had been required to be fit with and also for all the purposes that might have been known to the business before purchasing the products(Legislation, 2012). Furthermore, the products are also required to meet all the extra assurances made about the performance, condition and the quality of the products which also includes lifetime guarantees and the money back offers (Commonwealth of Australia, 2010). Claims of remedy can be made from the retailer, manufacturer or the importer if the goods or products do not meet the consumer guarantees of acceptable quality, matching the description as well as extra promises made regarding the performance, condition and quality. In case of failure with the compliance under consumer guarantees, the consumers are eligible reimbursement of costs from the manufacturer or the importer which inclu des an amount of the reduction in the value of products and in some situations, compensation for the damages or loss incurred to the consumers (Austlii, 2017). Thus, the food an item i.e. varying range of pasta which has been sold by Johnny does not meet the criteria as mentioned by Johnny during the promotion of his new range of pasta as he was using tinned olives as an ingredient for making pasta, he was required to compensate the consumers (Federal Register of Legislation, 2010). However, it was a fact that Johnny was liable to pay back or compensate the consumers but Angel was his competitor as she had been operating the restaurant next door to the restaurant of Johnny and was annoyed due to the promotion of a new range of pasta by Johnny. Johnny will not be held liable to pay compensation to Angel. If consumers want a claim, he will be required to pay back to the consumers under consumer guarantees of ACL (ACCC, 2017). The consumers, in case of failure of the products and services remain in compliance with the consumer guarantees, can ask the relevant business for the preference of free repair, replacement or refund as desired. In this case, consumers can only demand replacement or refunds as the issue with the product are major (ACCC, 2017). In the case of replacement, it is essential that the replaced products must be of a same type of the product which had been initially supplied to them. In the case of refund, it should be of the same amount as had been already paid to the consumer and as the original payment. It depends upon the business to take into consideration the time that had been passed after purchasing the product which include various factors such as the type of product, the type of utilization of the product, reasonable length of time up to which the product can be utilized as well as the type of its utilization that can be expected to be tolerated before the failure had become notic eable. All these factors can be taken into consideration by Johnny in case the demand for compensation from the consumers arises. The product or goods can be considered to be a major problem if the issue with them stops others from buying them in case they know about the problem. Moreover, if it can be considered as unsafe or is considerably dissimilar from the sample or description provided to the consumers by the retailers or the manufacturers, then it is considered as a major issue with the products or goods. If the products or goods do not match with the functions as ensured by the retailers or manufacturers to be served and the issue cannot be fixed as well. In this case also, the pasta dishes being served by Johnny to the consumers are provided with the assurance to be made with fresh ingredients, however, olives that are being used in the preparation of pasta are tinned and preserved (Common Wealth of Australia, 2017).. Thus, it has been an issue of clear misleading and deceiving the clients or the customers for which he will have to compensate or pay back to the customers. According to ACL, the retailers or the manufacturers who had sold products, goods or services to the consumers cannot refuse to help them by providing them with the costs in order to recover the damages. The costs being paid to the consumers must include the amount of reduction in the value of the products and in some cases if compensation for the purpose of damages or loss is required to be paid. One cannot demand repair, replacement, and refund from the manufacturer according to ACL. However, businesses cannot deny refunds by showing the signs of no refunds under any circumstances. The rights of consumers under consumer guarantees do not have a specific expiry date and can apply even after the expiry of any kind of warranties which had not been received by the business (ACCC, 2017). The consumers can seek compensation for the purpose of damages and loss suffered due to a problem with the products and services if the supplier could have already predicted the issue with the products and services. The compensation to the consumers includes the costs incurred by the consumers due to such a problem with the products, goods, and services. It usually includes financial costs but in some cases, it can also include other costs a well such as lost time or productivity. Suppliers do not have the authority to mislead the consumers regarding their rights to compensation just by stating that they are not responsible for any kind of losses which might have been suffered by the consumers during or after the use of products and services. Therefore, to conclude, Angel can take legal action against Johnny under ACL under section 18 i.e. under the misleading and deceptive conduct and for consumer guarantees as well. The action taken by Angel will most probably succeed because Johnny is involved in misleading and deceiving the consumers for which he will have to pay the compensation to the consumers. References ACCC. (2017). Compensation for damages loss. Retrieved from accc: https://www.accc.gov.au/consumers/consumer-rights-guarantees/compensation-for-damages-loss ACCC. (2017). Repair, replace, refund. Retrieved from accc: https://www.accc.gov.au/consumers/consumer-rights-guarantees/repair-replace-refund Austlii. (2017). Commonwealth Consolidated Acts. Retrieved from austlii: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/sch2.html Australian Capital Territory. (1992). Fair Trading (Australian Consumer Law) Act 1992. Retrieved from legislation: https://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/1992-72/current/pdf/1992-72.pdf Australian Consumer Law. (2010). Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law) Act (No. 2) 2010. Australian Consumer Law. Australian Government Solicitor. (2011). Australian Consumer Law. Retrieved from https://ags.gov.au: https://ags.gov.au/publications/fact-sheets/Fact_sheet_No_12.pdf Clements, G. (2016). Australian Consumer Law Review. Retrieved from cdn.tspace.gov.au: https://cdn.tspace.gov.au/uploads/sites/86/2016/03/ACLreview_issues_paper.pdf Common Wealth of Australia. (2017). Legislation. Retrieved from consumerlaw: https://consumerlaw.gov.au/the-australian-consumer-law/legislation/ Commonwealth of Australia . (2016). Consumer guarantees. Retrieved from tspace.gov.au: https://consumerlaw-staging.tspace.gov.au/files/2016/05/0553FT_ACL-guides_Guarantees_web.pdf Commonwealth of Australia. (2010). The Australian Consumer Law. Retrieved from publications.qld.gov.au: https://publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/1b96f0f9-1d84-44b4-9448-7d871dbd3b9d/resource/a9a1cc75-3b45-44fb-a08d-33d1e6ac7c10/download/aclguidetoprovisions.pdf Federal Register of Legislation. (2010). Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law) Act (No. 2) 2010. Retrieved from legislation: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2010A00103 Legislation. (2012). Australian Consumer Law and Fair Trading Act . Retrieved from legislation: https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubStatbook.nsf/edfb620cf7503d1aca256da4001b08af/a7a06c0b33b7f723ca2579f80018c9f2/$FILE/12-021abookmarked.pdf

My Future Career free essay sample

This is a field that I expect will be both challenging as well as professionally rewarding. As a paralegal, I will assist attorneys in the delivery of legal services (National Association of Legal Assistants, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on My Future Career or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A career in paralegal studies is a prestigious, professional adventure and offers a wonderful opportunity while enhancing ones knowledge of the law and provides for challenges, growth and advancement. After conducting research on this career, I found paralegals have many responsibilities in the legal world. Many of them I was unaware of until this research. Paralegals conduct client interviews and maintain general contact with the client, locate and interview witnesses, conduct investigations and statistical and documentary research, conduct legal research, and draft legal documents, correspondence, and pleadings (National Association of Legal Assistants, 2008). They also summarize depositions, interrogatories, and testimony; attend executions of wills, real estate closings, depositions, court or administrative hearings, and trials with the attorney, and author and sign correspondences (National Association of Legal Assistants, 2008). These are just a few of the responsibilities that paralegals are responsible for under the supervision of the attorney. Paralegals must meet certain requirements to be qualified as a paralegal. Successful completion of the Certified Legal Assistant certifying (CLA) examination of the National Association of Legal Assistants, graduate from an ABA approved program of study for legal assistants, or graduate from a course of study for legal assistants which is institutionally accredited but not ABA approved, and which requires not less than the equivalent of 60 semester hours of classroom study. They could also have a baccalaureate degree in any field, plus not less than six months in-house training as a legal assistant, a minimum of three years of law-related experience under the supervision of an attorney, including at least six months of in-house training as a legal assistant, or two years of in-house training as a legal assistant. Each states regulations are unique and employers requirements vary widely due to the many kinds of work that paralegals can do (National Federation of Paralegal Associations, 2012). It takes a lot of hard work and really knowing your legalese to be a great paralegal, and I am going to study very hard to get there. According to U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of paralegals and legal assistants is projected to grow 22 percent between 2006 and 2016, much faster than the average for all occupations (National Association of Legal Assistants, 2008). Private law firms continue to be the single largest employer of paralegals, good job opportunities also exist in several other markets in both the private and public sectors. In addition to private law firms, other organizations in the private sector employ paralegals (American Bar Association, 2011). Some examples include corporate legal departments, insurance companies, estate and trust departments of large banks, hospitals and health care organizations, real estate and title insurance companies, and professional trade associations. Earnings vary considerably depending upon such factors as size of the community, geographical location, and size of the firm, nature of the legal practice, and the paralegals educational background and work experience. Some paralegals work on a part-time or freelance basis, handling overflow from firms and legal departments and are normally paid on an hourly or project basis (American Bar Association, 2011). After writing this essay and doing the research I am very eager to get started on my journey of challenges, growth, and advancement in the legal world. I know it is going to be a lot of hard work to get the schooling that is needed to succeed. Knowing that I will have the opportunity to help people with legal matters, and making a better life for me and my family is going to be reward enough.